Wonke umakhenikha uwasebenzisile, kodwa iningi alizi ukuthi zingaki izinhlobo ezahlukene zamawasha, yiziphi izinto ezenziwe ngazo, nokuthi zisetshenziswa kanjani ngendlela efanele. Eminyakeni edlule, sithole imibuzo eminingi ephathelene namawasha, ngakho-ke i-athikili yobuchwepheshe ukwabelana ngolwazi kulawa madivayisi wehadiwe sekwedlule isikhathi eside.

Sisanda kuhlanganisa ubuciko bokwenza izibophelelo ezisebenza kahle kakhulu nge-Automotive Racing Products, Inc. (ARP), esimboza kahle amantongomane namabhawodi esihloko. Manje sekuyisikhathi sokukhokha inhlonipho engxenyeni ye-fastener evame ukuthathwa kalula, i-washer ethobekile.

Ezigabeni ezilandelayo, sizofaka ukuthi yiziphi iziwashi, izinhlobo ezahlukene zamawasha, ukuthi zenzani, zenziwa kanjani, kuphi futhi nini zokuzisebenzisa - futhi yebo, sizoxoxa ngisho nokuthi ama-washer aqondisa noma cha.

Ngokuvamile, iwasha imane nje iyipuleti elimise okwedisk, elinjenge-wafer elinembobo phakathi. Nakuba umklamo ungase uzwakale uyisidala, ama-washer empeleni ahlinzeka ngomsebenzi onzima. Ngokuvamile zisetshenziselwa ukusabalalisa umthwalo we-fastened enentambo, njengesikulufu sebhawodi noma sekepisi.

Angasetshenziswa futhi njengama-spacers - noma kwezinye izimo - kungaba i-wear pad, idivayisi yokukhiya, noma isetshenziswe ngisho nokunciphisa ukudlidliza - njengewasha yerabha. Idizayini eyisisekelo yewashi inobubanzi obungaphandle obuphindwe kabili kunobubanzi bangaphakathi bewashi.

Ngokuvamile ezenziwe ngensimbi, washers kungenziwa futhi ngepulasitiki noma irabha - kuye ngokuthi isicelo. Emishinini, amajoyinti abhowudi ekhwalithi ephezulu adinga amawasha ensimbi aqinile ukuze avimbele ukuhlehlisa indawo yelunga. Lokhu kubizwa nge-Brinelling. Lawa ma-indent amancane ekugcineni angaholela ekulahlekelweni kokulayisha kuqala ku-fastener, ukuxoxa, noma ukudlidliza okweqile. Njengoba isimo siqhubeka, lokhu kunyakaza kungasheshisa kufake okunye ukugqokwa okuvame ukuchazwa ngokuthi i-spalling noma i-galling.

Amawasha abuye asize ekuvimbeleni ukugqwala kwe-galvanic, isimo esiba khona lapho izinsimbi ezithile zithintana. Enye insimbi isebenza njenge-anode, kanti enye njenge-cathode. Ukuze unciphise ijubane noma uvimbele le nqubo kusukela ekuqaleni, iwasha isetshenziswa phakathi kwebhawodi noma nati kanye nensimbi ehlanganiswayo.

Ngaphezu kokusabalalisa ngokulinganayo ukucindezela phezu kwengxenye evikelekile nokunciphisa amathuba okonakalisa ingxenye, ama-washers ahlinzeka ngobushelelezi be-nati noma ibhawudi. Lokhu kwenza ilunga eliboshiwe libe mancane amathuba okuthi lixege uma liqhathaniswa nendawo yokubopha engalingani.

Kunamawasha akhethekile aklanyelwe ukuhlinzeka ngophawu, indawo yokusekela kagesi, ukuqondisa isibophelelo, ukubamba isibophelelo, ukuvala insula, noma ukunikeza i-axial pressure kujoyinti. Sizoxoxa ngalawa mawasha akhethekile kafushane embhalweni ongezansi.

Siphinde sabona izindlela ezimbalwa zokusebenzisa ngokungafanele amawasha njengengxenye yokuhlanganisa okuhlanganisiwe. Kube nezimo eziningi lapho oomakhenikha besihlahla somthunzi basebenzise amabhawudi noma amantongomane amancane kakhulu ngobubanzi kungxenye abayihlanganisayo. Kulezi zimo, iwasha inobubanzi bangaphakathi obulingana nebhawodi, nokho, ayivumeli ikhanda lebhawodi noma nati ukuthi islayidile embhobolweni wengxenye ehlanganiswayo. Lokhu kucela inkinga futhi akufanele nanini kuzanywe noma yikuphi emotweni yomjaho.

Ngokuvamile, oomakhenikha bazosebenzisa ibhawodi elide kakhulu, kodwa elingenayo imicu eyanele, engavumeli ukuqiniswa okuhlangene. Ukupakisha amawasha ambalwa ku-shank njenge-spacer kuze kube yilapho inati lingaqiniswa kufanele futhi kugwenywe. Khetha ubude bebhawodi obulungile. Ukusebenzisa amawasha ngendlela engafanele kungaholela ekulimaleni noma ekulimaleni.

Ngokuvamile, kunezinhlobo eziningana zamawasha akhiqizwa emhlabeni namuhla. Ezinye zenzelwe ngokukhethekile ukusetshenziswa emajoyintini ezinkuni kanti ezinye zenzelwe izinjongo zamapayipi. Uma kukhulunywa ngezidingo zezimoto, uchwepheshe we-R&D wakwa-ARP, uJay Coombes, usitshela ukuthi kunezinhlobo ezinhlanu kuphela ezisetshenziswa ekunakekeleni izimoto. Kukhona iwasha engenalutho (noma iwasha eliyisicaba), iwasha yokuphehla, iwasha ehlukanisayo (noma iwasha yokukhiya), iwasha inkanyezi, bese ufaka iwasha.

Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ngeke uthole iwasha ehlukanisiwe emnikelweni omkhulu we-ARP. "Ziwusizo kakhulu ngezixhumi ezincane ezinodayamitha ezimweni eziphansi zomthwalo," kuchaza uCoombes. I-ARP ijwayele ukugxila kuzixhumi zomjaho ezisebenza kahle kakhulu ezisebenza ngaphansi kwezimo zomthwalo ophakeme. Kukhona okuhlukile kwalezi zinhlobo zamawasha anezinjongo ezithile, njengewasha elingenalutho elinama-serrations ngaphansi.

Iwasha eliyisicaba ingumxhumanisi okhethwayo phakathi kwekhanda lebhawodi (noma nati) nento enamathiselwe. Inhloso yayo eyinhloko ukusabalalisa umthwalo we-fastener eqinisiwe ukuvimbela ukulimala endaweni yokuhlanganisa. "Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu ngezingxenye ze-aluminium," kusho uCoombes.

I-American National Standards Institute (ANSI) inikeze isethi yamazinga okusetshenziswa okuvamile, amawasha angenalutho abiza izinhlobo ezimbili. Uhlobo A luchazwa njengewasha elinokubekezelela okubanzi lapho ukunemba kungabalulekile khona. Uhlobo B iwasha eliyisicaba elinokubekezelelana okuqinile lapho amadayamitha angaphandle ahlukaniswa njengamancane, avamile, noma abanzi ngosayizi bawo bebhawodi abafanele (ububanzi bangaphakathi).

Njengoba sishilo ngaphambili, ama-washer ayinkimbinkimbi kunencazelo elula evela enhlanganweni eyodwa. Eqinisweni, kukhona eziningana. I-Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) ihlukanisa amawasha angenalutho ngogqinsi lwezinto, anobubanzi obuncane bangaphakathi nangaphandle uma kuqhathaniswa nendlela inhlangano ye-United States Standards (USS) ewachaze ngayo amawasha ayisicaba.

Izindinganiso ze-USS zingamazinga amawasha asekelwe ngamayintshi. Le nhlangano ikhombisa ububanzi bewasha ngaphakathi nangaphandle ukuze ifake izintambo ezimahhadla noma ezinkulu. Amawasha e-USS avame ukusetshenziswa ezinhlelweni zezimoto. Ngezinhlangano ezintathu ezicacisa izindinganiso ezintathu ezihlukene zama-washers angenalutho, ngokusobala, ama-washers ayinkimbinkimbi kunokuba ukubonakala kwawo okulula kungabangela noma ubani ukuba akholwe.

Ngokusho kwe-ARP's Coombes, "Usayizi nekhwalithi yewasha ngokwayo idinga ukucatshangelwa eduze. Kufanele ibe nogqinsi nosayizi owanele ukuze isabalalise kahle umthwalo.” U-Coombes uyanezela, “Kubaluleke kakhulu futhi ukuthi iwasha ibe yindawo ehambisanayo futhi isicaba kahle kulezo zinhlelo zokusebenza ezibalulekile ezinomthwalo ophakeme we-torque. Noma yini enye ingabangela ukulayishwa kusengaphambili okungalingani.”

Lawa amawasha anobubanzi bangaphandle obukhulu ngokwedlulele ngokulingana nembobo yawo emaphakathi. Iphinde yakhelwe ukusabalalisa amandla okubamba, kodwa ngenxa yobukhulu obukhulu, umthwalo usakazwa endaweni enkulu. Iminyaka eminingi, lawa mawasha ayesetshenziselwa ukunamathisela ama-fender ezimotweni, yingakho igama. Amawasha e-Fender angase abe nobubanzi obukhulu bangaphandle, kodwa ngokuvamile enziwa ngezinto ezilinganisa kancane.

Amawasha ahlukanisiwe ane-axial flexibility futhi asetshenziselwa ukuvimbela ukuxega ngenxa yokudlidliza. Isithombe sivela ku-www.amazon.com.

Amawasha ahlukanisiwe, abizwa nangokuthi ama-spring washers noma ama-lock washer, ane-axial flexibility. Lezi zisetshenziselwa ukuvimbela ukuxega ngenxa yokudlidliza. Umqondo ongemuva kwama-washers ahlukanisiwe ulula: Kusebenza njengesiphethu ukufaka ingcindezi entweni enamathiselwe kanye nenhloko yebhawodi noma inati.

I-ARP ayiwakhi lawa mawasha ngenxa yokuthi izixhumo eziningi ezidlala izindima ezibalulekile enjinini, i-drivetrain, i-chassis, nokumiswa ziyaqiniswa ku-torque ethile ethile, zisebenzisa amandla afanele okubamba. Mancane amathuba okuthi isiqiniseko sixege ngaphandle kokusebenzisa ithuluzi.

Onjiniyela abaningi bayavuma ukuthi iwasha yasentwasahlobo - lapho ithotshiswe ekucacisweni okuphezulu - izokwelula ngezinga elithile. Uma lokho kwenzeka, iwasha ehlukanisiwe izolahlekelwa ukungezwani kwayo futhi ingaphazamisa nokulayishwa kwangaphambili okunembile kwelunga eliboshiwe.

Amawasha ezinkanyezi anezigigaba ezinwebeka ngaphakathi noma ngaphandle ukuze zilume endaweni engaphansi ukuze kuvinjwe into yokubopha ukuthi ingaxegi. Isithombe sivela ku-www.amazon.com.

Amawasha ezinkanyezi asebenza cishe injongo efanayo njengewasha elihlukanisayo. Zenzelwe ukuvimbela i-fastener ukuthi ingaxegi. Lawa amawasha anama-serrations anwebeka (ngaphakathi noma ngaphandle) ukuze alume ebusweni bengxenye. Ngokuklama, kufanele "bambe" ekhanda le-bolt / nut kanye ne-substrate ukuvimbela isibambiso ukuthi singaxegi. Amawasha ezinkanyezi ngokuvamile asetshenziswa namabhawodi amancane nezikulufu ezihlobene nezingxenye zikagesi.

Ukuvimbela ukuzungezisa, futhi ngokwenza kanjalo kuthinte ukunemba kokulayisha kuqala, kuye kwashukumisela i-ARP ukuba yenze amawasha akhethekile afakwe ama-washa ngaphansi. Umqondo uwukuba babambe into enamathiselwe futhi banikeze inkundla ezinzile.

Enye iwasha ekhethekile eyenziwe yi-ARP iwasha yohlobo lokufaka. Zenzelwe ukuvikela imbobo engaphezulu ukuvikela ukugwaza noma ukubhidlika phezulu kwembobo. Ukusetshenziswa okuvamile kufaka amakhanda amasilinda, izingxenye ze-chassis, nezinye izindawo ezigqoke kakhulu ezidinga iwasha.

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ukugcoba kudlala indima ebalulekile ekulayisheni kusengaphambili okunembile. Ngaphezu kokufaka i-lubricant emiculweni ye-fastener, kunconywa ukuthi ubeke inani elincane ngaphansi kwekhanda lebhawodi (noma i-nati) noma ngaphezulu kwewasha. Ungalokothi ugcobe indawo engaphansi yewasha (ngaphandle uma imiyalelo yokufaka isho okuhlukile) njengoba ungafuni ukuthi ijikeleze.

Ukunaka ukusetshenziswa okufanele kwewasha kanye nokugcoba kuyinto efanele ukucatshangelwa kwawo wonke amaqembu omjaho.

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